@article { author = {-, -}, title = {Religion and Reason}, journal = {Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {12-35}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Research Institute of Hawzah and University; (Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute)}, issn = {1608-7070}, eissn = {2588-5774}, doi = {}, abstract = {In order to discuss the relationship between religion and reason, it is necessary to consider these questions: "what is the locus of reason in the realm of religion? Should a religious believer seek for a justification for his belief? If this is so, should this Justification be based on reasoning or does faith itself have a role in justifying one's belief without the need for the guidance of reason?" In this article, the writer presents a discriptive and rather critical report on the current views of the matter in question and proceeds to give a new classification of these views. Taking into account the three chief approaches of the relationship between reason and religion - i.e. maximal rationalism, fideism and critical rationalism - the writer offers examples of these views in the doctrinal traditions of Islam and Christianity, and classifies rationalism on the basis of reasoning into rationalism in accepting, rationalism in understanding and rationalism in defending religious claims. He goes on to point that although fideism, in its consistent and formulated form, has been presented to the Christian world by such distinguished thinkers as Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein, strains of this view can also be found in the literature of Moslem mystics, traditionalists and thinkers.}, keywords = {-}, title_fa = {دیـن و عقـل}, abstract_fa = {-}, keywords_fa = {-}, url = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_674.html}, eprint = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_674_6bd682f0cb245c7a88d7813772c65e39.pdf} } @article { author = {-, -}, title = {Various Approaches to Religious Science}, journal = {Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {36-68}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Research Institute of Hawzah and University; (Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute)}, issn = {1608-7070}, eissn = {2588-5774}, doi = {}, abstract = {This servey is concerned with the current approaches to the possibility and necessity of making sciences (disciplines) religiously - oriented. The idea that a religious science has four senses indicates the possibility of the evolvement of a certain kind of science. Sometimes it means the science in which the sum total of teachings of a religion on a certain subject are discussed, deduced and formulated and - in some cases - subject to defence. As for the second sense of "religious science", it is the science in which certain empirical, rational of historical discussions about the phenomenon of religion are made. The third sense signifies that men can construct and formulate disciplines through certain methods by using religious texts of the same sort which can replace modern non-religious sciences, and one can dispense with the four methods prescribed by science. Sometimes it has a forth sense and that is, instead of the human empirical sciences, disciplines are produced on anthropological and sociological subjects taken from religious texts or scriptures and with a special special epistemological procedure. The approaches with which we are concerned in this article ar as follows: A) An approach which oposes the preservation of non-religious nature and structure of contemporary or modern sciences: 1) A traditional approach or sacred science 2) Independ - judgement oriented view of sciences B) An approach approving of the transformation of the structures of modern sciences: 1) transforming the subject 2) developing the method 3) reforming the objective C) An approach approving of the preservation of the nature and structure of modern sciences: 1) Changing the presupposition of modern sciences 2) Modern scientists' acquaintance with religious world views and religious values. 3) Ispiration by the religious texts or scriptures in the context of discovery and compilation. 4) Geographical outlook and developing sciences that can belong to the religious territories. 5) Modern science-religion dialogue (a composite approach) What we can conclude from all the discussions is that the method all the approaches in question adopt for islamizing the sciences (disciplines) is indeterminate and vague, because these approaches are still at their initial stages of development and therefore they take time until these approaches become developed and prectical steps have to be taken in various fields. In order to attain the results desired, critical investigations into the literature, though not elaborate, will be necessary. In oth words, most approaches to religious sciences are still at their intial stage of maturity, because they have been subject to no criticisms or evaluations of the scientists whether those who are for or aginst the idea of religious science. Furthermore, the efforts for solving the dichotomy between religious and secular domains in epistemology need to be reconsidered as far as epistemology in specialized discussions is concerned. Perhaps the reason for this defect is that the scholars who advocate the idea of "religious science" have not relieved themselves of theoretical and scientific investigations into the very approaches, and their scientific works have not survived the process of trial and error.}, keywords = {-}, title_fa = {باورهاى علم دینى}, abstract_fa = {-}, keywords_fa = {-}, url = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_675.html}, eprint = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_675_dc520e22b81414b7d324edd1b3cb2056.pdf} } @article { author = {-, -}, title = {St. Anselm's Ontological Argument}, journal = {Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {69-93}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Research Institute of Hawzah and University; (Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute)}, issn = {1608-7070}, eissn = {2588-5774}, doi = {}, abstract = {St. Anselm (c. 1033-1109) introduced an argument on the existence of God which is now known as the Ontological Argument, according to which God is defined as the most perfect being imaginable, or in the most famous formulation of the Argument, given by him, that being than which nothing greater can be thought. At the outset, this article is concerned wiht the very term "Ontological Argument" to specify why this is so denominated; the Argument is held to have been influenced by Kant's triadic division. Moreover, the criticisms made by Gaunilon and Aquinas on the Argument and some illuminating remarks related to it are discussed. In the meantime, some major objections - with respect to conceptual precision - raised by Moslem scholars against Anselm's Argument are put forward. The main point of the article concerned with the precise investigation into Anselm's Argument made by Moslem philosophers reveals the great capability of Islamic philosophy in various aspects.}, keywords = {-}, title_fa = {بررسى برهان وجودى آنسلم}, abstract_fa = {-}, keywords_fa = {-}, url = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_676.html}, eprint = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_676_d085938260dc9bd25420525cced496ef.pdf} } @article { author = {-, -}, title = {Religious Education from Kant's viewpoint}, journal = {Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {94-106}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Research Institute of Hawzah and University; (Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute)}, issn = {1608-7070}, eissn = {2588-5774}, doi = {}, abstract = {The second part of the article on "religious education from Kant's viewpoint" is concerned with Kant's submission to the idea that direct religious education in childhood is a matter of social necessity, though he admits that indirect education is also necessary. Children's mental capacity and cognitive capacity form the basis of Kant's confirmation and refutation in this respect. In this discussion of child religious education, he underlines two things: 1) Avoiding introducing children to religious symbols directly; Rather, they should be given the opportunity to use their own conscienceness in understanding the values. 2) Making use of good examples or paradigms and direct methods in conveying values}, keywords = {-}, title_fa = {تربیت دینى از دیدگاه کانت (2)}, abstract_fa = {مقاله حاضر بخش دوّم از مقاله تربیت دینى از دیدگاه کانت است. در قسمت اوّل مباحث مقدماتى مورد بررسى قرار گرفت، مباحثى چون: هویت انسان، مفهوم دین و تربیت از نظر کانت; با توجه به دریافت دیدگاه کانت راجع به این امور در این مقاله به مفهوم تربیت دینى از دیدگاه کانت به طور خاص پرداخته مى شود.}, keywords_fa = {-}, url = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_677.html}, eprint = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_677_f441bdee24e861d40c0fda1645488e8c.pdf} } @article { author = {-, -}, title = {Types of Controls in Islamic Management}, journal = {Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {107-120}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Research Institute of Hawzah and University; (Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute)}, issn = {1608-7070}, eissn = {2588-5774}, doi = {}, abstract = {Islamic sources and doctrines have paid special attention to the principle of control and supervision as one of the chief duties of a manager and one of the crucial elements in an efficient and sound managerment. The control system derived from religious sources can be thought as a all-embracing, fair and exclusive system. According to this system, God, the Almighty, and the divine angels are the supervisors; they observe man's actions, behaviours and intentions, and man is made aware of the idea that he or she is always in the Presence of the Divine. Thus, every single act of man is in full view of God and the divine angels. Accordingly, the second type of control, that is man's control of his or her actions, namely, "self-control" comes to the fore. This implies that man is prescribed to control his own actions or behaviours persistently. Another type of control has been dealt with, according to which Moslems are to attend to others, to warn against human misdeeds or deviation from one's rightful duties, and to enjoin good and prohibit evil. Finally, it is incumbent on a manager of an organization to supervise or control the personnels and to execute the plans of an organization. A manager's supervision can be of two kinds: overt or official and covert or hidden. Thus, the Islamic perspective of the all-embracing control system is composed of the following components: 1) God's control (the Divine control) 2) Self-control (one's control over his or her actions) 3) General control (all people are responsible for controlling one another) 4) A manager's control over personnels of organization and this can take two forms: 1) open or overt and 2) hidden on covert.}, keywords = {-}, title_fa = {انواع کنترل و نظارت در مدیریت اسلامى}, abstract_fa = {-}, keywords_fa = {-}, url = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_678.html}, eprint = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_678_5d3a998d35cd98ab24f09a169dd3776f.pdf} } @article { author = {., . and ., .}, title = {.}, journal = {Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {121-144}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Research Institute of Hawzah and University; (Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute)}, issn = {1608-7070}, eissn = {2588-5774}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {نظریه هاى دخالت دولت}, abstract_fa = {}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_841.html}, eprint = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_841_ac2b5e4f90f73764818628685c12a773.pdf} } @article { author = {., . and ., .}, title = {.}, journal = {Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {145-182}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Research Institute of Hawzah and University; (Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute)}, issn = {1608-7070}, eissn = {2588-5774}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {بررسى مجدد رابطه دین و جرم اثرات دین، کنترلهاى غیر دینى و محیط اجتماعى بر بزهکارى بزرگسالان}, abstract_fa = {از آن زمان که تحقیق هیرشى و استارک به شکلى شگفت انگیز از یافتن اثرات دین (یعنى، ترس از «آتش دوزخ») بر پدیده بزهکارى ناکام ماند، تحقیقات بعدى از رابطه اى معکوس میان دیندارى و اشکال مختلف کجروى، بزهکارى و جرم پرده برداشتند، امّا پیچیدگى این ارتباط و شرایط تحقق اثرات دین همچنان مورد بحث بوده و هست. البته در این میان تعداد اندکى از محققان به این نتیجه رسیده اند که تأثیر دین، تصادفى نیست، اما در عین حال، بسیارى نیز به شواهدى - به ویژه در میان جوانان - دست یافته اند که نشان دهنده اثراتى است که بر حسب فرقه هاى دینى، نوع جرم و همچنین بافت اجتماعى و دینى، شکلى متفاوت به خود مى گیرند. نتایج تحقیقاتى نیز که در همین اواخر انجام گرفته اند، این ارتباط را در موارد به کار گرفته شدن متغیرهاى مربوط به کنترلهاى غیر دینى، ارتباطى کاذب معرفى مى کنند. بدین ترتیب، این تحقیق بر آن است تا با آزمون کردن ارتباط میان دین و جرم، در الگوهایى که مقیاسهایى جامع را در زمینه اندازه گیرى جرم و نیز سه بعد متفاوت و مجزاى دیندارى دربردارد، به مسائل مزبور بپردازد و در عین حال، کنترلهایى را نیز براى تمیز اثرات قید و بندهاى غیر دینى، شبکه هاى دینى و اثرات محیط اجتماعى به کار بگیرد. نتیجه تحقیق نیز آن بوده است که از میان سنجه هاى بررسى شده دیندارى، مشارکت در فعالیتهاى دینى بازدارنده اى پایدار و غیرتصادفى در مورد جرائم ارتکابى بزرگسالان است.}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_842.html}, eprint = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_842_462dd5e94d42efed6a4affa677d2a250.pdf} } @article { author = {., ..}, title = {.}, journal = {Methodology of Social Sciences and Humanities}, volume = {6}, number = {23}, pages = {199-219}, year = {2000}, publisher = {Research Institute of Hawzah and University; (Hawzah wa Dāneshgāh Research Institute)}, issn = {1608-7070}, eissn = {2588-5774}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {زبانهاى مقدس و متون مقدس}, abstract_fa = {}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_843.html}, eprint = {https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_843_590e100d26b6874de4f6a72c13a82361.pdf} }