The Epistemology and Methodology of Common Sense

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 Professor of Sociology Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

2 Research Assistant, Department of Sociology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.

Abstract

What has formed the main purpose of the current research is the analysis of a mysterious field of knowledge called common sense. This research, in fact, has determined the contemplation of an epistemic field as its fundamental goal which should be considered as the opposite side of the scientific knowledge field. Since this opposition is based on the specific epistemology and methodology of each of these fields, the upcoming research has disclosed common sense from two epistemological and methodological aspects. This research has shown that the aforementioned field of knowledge has such bonds with interference, entanglement and ambiguity that any kind of epistemologically disclosure of it should always pay attention that it is faced with the embodiment of indeterminability, uncertainty and undecidability. The current research, in addition, has shown that what should be counted as the turning point of the methodological disclosure of common sense is the authority of this epistemic domain in a form of human being that prefers people over things.

Keywords


  1. ایمان، محمدتقی (1376). نگاهی به اصول روش‌شناسی‌ها در تحقیقات علمی. نشریۀ علمی‌−‌پژوهشی دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه تبریز، 4(165)، 47-75.
  2. ایمان، محمدتقی (1388). مبانی پارادایمی روش‌های تحقیق کمّی و کیفی در علوم انسانی. قم: انتشارات پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
  3. ایمان، محمدتقی (1400). فلسفۀ روش تحقیق در علوم انسانی. قم: انتشارات پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
  4. ایمان، محمدتقی، و بندرریگی‌زاده، علی (1401). طرح‌ غیرذاتی، ساحت ذاتی: شبح‌وارگی جهان، شبح‌وارگی انسان. فصلنامۀ علمی−‌پژوهشی حکمت و فلسفۀ دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، 18(72)، 25-53.
  5. ایمان، محمدتقی، و بندرریگی‌زاده، علی (1402). فلسفۀ جامعه‌شناسی: بنیان‌گذاری سنّت‌های قارّه‌ای [جلد اوّل]. قم: انتشارات پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
  6. ایمان، محمدتقی، و کلاته‌ساداتی، احمد (1397). فلسفۀ تحقیق در علوم اجتماعی. تهران: سمت.
  7. ایمان، محمدتقی، و کلاته‌ساداتی، احمد (1399). روش‌شناسی علوم انسانی نزد اندیشمندان مسلمان: مدلی روش‌شناختی از علم اسلامی. قم: انتشارات پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
  8. بلیکی، نورمن (1401). پارادایم‌های تحقیق در علوم انسانی، ترجمۀ سیدحمیدرضا حسنی، محمدتقی ایمان و سیدمسعود ماجدی. قم: انتشارات پژوهشگاه حوزه و دانشگاه.
  9. Agazzi, Evandro (2015). From Common Sense Knowledge to Scientific Knowledge (and vice versa), In Bianca, Mariano L. and Piccari, Paolo (Eds.). Epistemology of Ordinary Knowledge, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 77-94.
  10. Alvesson, Mats and Sköldberg, Kaj (2018). Reflexive Methodology. New Vistas for Qualitative Research, London: Sage.
  11. Apel, Karl-Otto (1981). Charles S. Peirce: From Pragmatism to Pragmaticism. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press.
  12. Archer, Margaret S. (2019). Foreword: Varieties of Relational Social Theory, In Donati, Pierpaolo; Malo, Antonio and Maspero, Giulio (Eds.). Social Science, Philosophy and Theology in Dialogue: A Relational Perspective, London and New York: Routledge, pp. viii-xxvii.
  13. Ashmore, Malcolm (1989). The Reflexive Thesis: Wrighting Sociology of Scientific Knowledge. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  14. Blaikie, Norman (2005). Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. London: Polity Press.
  15. Bourdieu, Pierre (1990). In Other Words: Essays Toward a Reflexive Sociology. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  16. Bourdieu, Pierre (2004). Science of Science and Reflexivity. London: Polity Press.
  17. Bourdieu, Pierre and Wacquant, Loic (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. London: Polity Press.
  18. Burkhart, Brian (2019). Indigenizing Philosophy through the Land: A Trickster Methodology for Decolonizing Environmental Ethics and Indigenous Futures. Michigan: Michigan State University Press.
  19. Burrell, Gibson and Morgan, Gareth (2019). Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis: Elements of the Sociology of Corporate Life. London and New York: Routledge.
  20. Chilisa, Bagele (2020). Indigenous Research Methodologies. London: Sage.
  21. Crossley, Nick (2011). Towards Relational Sociology. London and New York: Routledge.
  22. Crotty, Michael (1998). The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process. London: Sage.
  23. Davies, Charlotte Aull (2008). Reflexive Ethnography: A Guide to Researching Selves and Others. London and New York: Routledge.
  24. Delaney, Tim (2019). Common Sense as a Paradigm of Thought: An Analysis of Social Interaction. London and New York: Routledge.
  25. Donati, Pierpaolo (2011). Relational Sociology: A New Paradigm for the Social Sciences. London and New York: Routledge.
  26. Donati, Pierpaolo and Archer, Margaret S. (2015). The Relational Subject. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  27. Emirbayer, Mustafa (1997). Manifesto for a Relational Sociology. American Journal of Sociology, 103 (2), 281-317.
  28. Hammersley, Martyn (2011). Methodology: Who Needs It?, London: Sage.
  29. Hammersley, Martyn (2023). Methodological Concepts: A Critical Guide. London and New York: Routledge.
  30. Harreveld, Bobby; Danaher, Mike; Lawson, Celeste; Knight, Bruce Allen and Busch, Gillian (2016). Introduction. In Harreveld, Bobby; Danaher, Mike; Lawson, Celeste; Knight, Bruce Allen and Busch, Gillian (Eds.), Constructing Methodology for Qualitative Research: Researching Education and Social Practices, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 1-14.
  31. Howell, Kerry E. (2013). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology. London: Sage.
  32. Hunt, Linda M.; Jordan, Brigitte and Irwin, Susan (1989). Views of What’s Wrong: Diagnosis and Patients’ Concepts of Illness. Soc. Sci. Med., 28 (9), 945-956.
  33. Irwin, Susan and Jordan, Brigitte (1987). Knowledge, Practice, and Power: Court-Ordered Cesarean Sections. Medical Anthropology, 1 (3), 319-334.
  34. Jensen, Klaus Bruhn (2021), The Complementarity of Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies in Media and Communication Research. In Jensen, Klaus Bruhn (Ed.), A Handbook of Media and Communication Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies, London and New York: Routledge, 328-348.
  35. Jordan, Brigitte (1977). The Self-Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy: An Investigation of Lay Competence. Medical Anthropology, 1 (2), 1-38.
  36. Jordan, Brigitte (1987). The Hut and the Hospital: Information, Power, and Symbolism in the Artifacts of Birth. Birth, 14 (1), 36-40.
  37. Jordan, Brigitte (1989). Cosmopolitical Obstetrics: Some Insights from The Training of Traditional Midwives. Soc. Sci. Med., 28 (9), 925-944.
  38. Kim, Kyung-Man (2023), Bourdieu's Philosophy and Sociology of Science: A Critical Appraisal, London and New York: Routledge.
  39. Kovach, Margaret (2009). Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations, and Contexts. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  40. Kumar, Ranjit (2011). Research Methodology. London: Sage.
  41. Maynard, Mary (2005). Methods, Practice and Epistemology: The Debate about Feminism and Research. In Maynard, Mary and Purvis, June (Eds.), Researching Women's Lives from a Feminist Perspective. London and New York: Taylor & Francis, 10-26.
  42. Neuman, W. Lawrence (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. London: Pearson Education Limited.
  43. Pels, Dick (2003). Unhastening Science: Autonomy and Reflexivity in the Social Theory of Knowledge. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  44. Punch, Keith F. (1998). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative & Qualitative Approaches. London: Sage.
  45. Reid, Thomas (1819a). Essays on the Powers of the Human Mind. Vol. 1, Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute.
  46. Reid, Thomas (1819b). Essays on the Powers of the Human Mind. Vol. 2, London: W. Allason; B. Whitrow & Co.
  47. Reid, Thomas (1819c). Essays on the Powers of the Human Mind. Vol. 3, Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute.
  48. Reid, Thomas (1821). An Inquiry into the Human Mind: On the Principles of Common Sense. London: J. Bumpus, Holborn Bars.
  49. Reid, Thomas (1842). Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man. London: Thomas Tegg.
  50. Reid, Thomas (1843). Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind: An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense. London: Thomas Tegg.
  51. Rescher, Nicholas (2003). Epistemology: An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge. New York: State University of New York Press.

 

 

  1. Rescher, Nicholas (2005). Common-Sense: A New Look at an Old Philosophical Tradition. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
  2. Rescher, Nicholas (2006). Epistemetrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  3. Rescher, Nicholas (2017). Epistemic Principles: A Primer for the Theory of Knowledge. New York: Peter Lang.
  4. Rescher, Nicholas (2020). Knowledge at the Boundaries. Switzerland: Springer.
  5. Smith, Linda Tuhiwai (2021). Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books Ltd.
  6. Whitaker, Emilie Morwenna and Atkinson, Pau (2021). Reflexivity in Social Research. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  7. Woolgar, Steve (1988). Science: The Very Idea. Chichester and London: Ellis Horwood Limited and Tavistock Publications Limited.
  8. Woolgar, Steve and Ashmore, Malcolm (1991). The Next Step: An Introduction to the Reflexive Project. In Woolgar, Steve (Ed.), Knowledge and Reflexivity: New Frontiers in the Sociology of Knowledge, London: Sage, 1-11.