Managing the institution of science and scholarly policymaking for achieving a creative scientific community need a detailed understanding of factors that influence the process of science production. A set of biological, psychological, social, and economic factors influence the scientist. This paper reviews the biological factors which influence the scientific behavior. The relation between genetic and neurological structures and human intelligence and high-level scientific behavior in research, the relation between the structure of brain and its various areas and different scientific behaviors, and the impact of gender on scientific talent and scientific productivity are the main topics. The paper also proposes a bio-psychological approach to science policy and discusses the results of this new approach for the old problem of resource allocation in science.
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