Mahmud ibn Mas`ud ibn Muslih Kazeruni Ash`ari Sha¦fi`i, known as Qutb al-Din al-shira¦zi, was one of Khawa¦ja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Sadr al-Din Qunawi's pupils. Among his important ideas which spread in the seventh century, the time when the Mongols' power over Iran was at its utmost, are: the civic and political man, the identity of politics, its origin and different levels, the various types of political societies and the design of a desired political system and state and the conditions of its constancy and sustainability. Qutb al-Din originated and drew up an organized and sound philosophical system on which all his political views were based. He considers that the world of existence is a world of moderation and order, and in every part and element the hierarchical order is observed.
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